浙江省耕地多功能价值时空变化与权衡-协同关系

耕地多功能价值的时空演变与权衡-协同关系测度对于深化耕地可持续利用和管理具有重要意义。该研究以经济快速发展地区浙江省为例,采用价值量化方法对2000、2010和2015年浙江省耕地多功能进行价值评估并分析其时空变化特征。运用Spearman秩相关系数法、双变量空间自相关模型以及可拓展随机性环境影响评估(StochasticImpactsby Regression on Population,Affluence and Technology,STIRPAT)模型探究耕地多功能之间的权衡-协同关系及影响因素。结果表明:1)2000—2015年浙江省耕地多功能总价值下降,地均耕地多功能价值呈现先下降后上升的趋势。其中气体调节、水源涵养和社会保障功能价值下降明显,食物生产和美学景观功能价值增加;耕地多功能总价值在空间上呈现北高南低的分布格局,2000—2015年大部分县市耕地多功能总价值均有不同程度的下降,西南山地丘陵区耕地多功能总价值有所提升。2)浙江省耕地多功能之间主要表现为协同关系,各项功能之间的协同-权衡关系存在空间异质性;2000—2015年,浙江省耕地多功能协同关系总体减弱,在空间上主要表现为高值协同区减少。3)城镇居民可支配收入和地均农业机械总动力对耕地多功能总价值有负面影响,农村居民可支配收入增加有助于耕地多功能总价值的提升。该研究成果可为科学划定耕地利用与保护区,促进耕地多功能的协同利用和提升耕地资源价值提供科学依据。     

Fucoidan and Cancer: A Multifunctional Molecule with Anti-Tumor Potential

There is a wide variety of cancer types yet, all share some common cellular and molecular behaviors. Most of the chemotherapeutic agents used in cancer treatment are designed to target common deregulated mechanisms within cancer cells. Many healthy tissues are also affected by the cytotoxic effects of these chemical agents. Fucoidan, a natural component of brown seaweed, has anti-cancer activity against various cancer types by targeting key apoptotic molecules. It also has beneficial effects as it can protect against toxicity associated with chemotherapeutic agents and radiation. Thus the synergistic effect of fucoidan with current anti-cancer agents is of considerable interest. This review discusses the mechanisms by which fucoidan retards tumor development, eradicates tumor cells and synergizes with anti-cancer chemotherapeutic agents. Challenges to the development of fucoidan as an anti-cancer agent will also be discussed.     

菌酶协同制备菜籽肽工艺的优化及其营养成分分析

试验旨在考察枯草芽孢杆菌B1与中性蛋白酶协同发酵和酶解处理(简称菌酶协同酵解)制备菜籽肽的最佳工艺条件及对经菌酶酵解后的菜籽粕营养成分的分析。以菜籽肽得率为主要指标,通过对加酶量、发酵温度和料水比等酶解、发酵条件的单因素和正交试验,确定了菜籽肽以菌酶同时添加为最佳制备方式,以枯草芽孢杆菌接种量1.0%、中性蛋白酶添加量150 U/g、料水比1:1.0、发酵温度35℃、发酵时间48 h为最佳菌酶协同酵解条件。在此条件下,菜籽粕中硫代葡萄糖苷(硫苷)的降解率达74.23%,单宁和植酸的降解率分别为31.17%和16.39%。发酵后菜籽粕中粗蛋白含量达41.30%,比发酵前提高1.92%,菜籽肽含量达170.12 mg/g,比发酵前提高了3.7倍,还原糖含量比发酵前提高了57.68%,钙、磷含量分别比发酵前提高了26.83%和11.57%。试验表明,菌酶协同处理的方式对菜籽粕品质的提升有较好作用。     

Spatiotemporally interactive growth dynamics in selected South African forests: Edaphoclimatic environment, crowding and climate effects

Stand-level tree diameter growth patterns were explored for evergreen moist forests in the southern Cape, South Africa. Results of standard multiple regression analyses, involving 934 permanent sample plots with data spanning a 10-year interval, revealed that stand-level increment of canopy species in the canopy layer (>30 cm dbh) was significantly determined by inherent species-specific growth capacities (species composition of the stand), water availability, forest matrix crowding and tree condition impairment (age-related manifestations of reduced vitality indicated by signs of crown die-back, damage and stem rot). In contrast, stand-level increment of trees of canopy species in the subcanopy layer (10-20 cm dbh) was prominently shaped by light availability, as mainly determined by the degree of canopy-level disturbance (mortality rate of trees >30 cm dbh), crowding (canopy-level overhead and forest matrix crowding) and proximity to conspecific adults (within 6-8 m). In addition to species-inherent and resource factors, considerable variation in stand-level growth resulted from site-climate interactions. For 507 of the permanent sample plots, increment data was available for two consecutive 10-year intervals; permitting the analysis of spatiotemporal interactions of growth patterns (repeated measures ANOVA). In the Knysna forests higher canopy-level increment rates were associated with the moister southerly facing slope sites in comparison with the drier northerly facing and ridge sites during the first increment period. During the second increment period, increment rates on the drier, but better illuminated sites had increased disproportionately. In contrast, in the Tsitsikamma forests, higher increment rates during the second increment period were encountered on moister flat bottomland sites (with extended periods of subsoil wetness) than on the comparatively drier southerly facing slope sites (increment period × site-based water availability × forests interaction). In both forests relatively higher growth performance of subcanopy-level trees during the second increment period was associated with stands experiencing conditions of enhanced light availability. Atmospheric temperatures were higher during the second increment period (mean periodic T_max: + 0.64 °C). The detected spatiotemporal interactions were interpreted as site × climate interactions where site-related conditions of favourable light or water availability resulted in enhanced temperature-linked growth responses during the second increment period. A metabolic performance trade-off model provided a framework for the interpretation of these complex site-climate interactions by placing the patterns of forest growth into an ecophysiological explanatory context.     

Determinants of parr size variations within a population of brown trout Salmo trutta L.

Abstract – The size of 2-month old trout Salmo trutta parr differed between sites and between years along the River Esva catchment (Asturias, northwestern Spain). Such variation was in a direction opposite to the variation observed in parental size. Parr were smaller in sites where parents grew faster, whereas larger parr occurred in sites where parents grew less. Parr size of six cohorts (1990–1996, except 1995) at 14 sites along the River Esva was inversely related to the growth rate and length of parents and positively related to canopy, egg size, and water temperature. The latter acted similarly on all parr independently of egg size and the site where the egg originated. Covariation patterns among parr size, parental traits, and canopy suggest that a canopy-regulated, growth-determined trade-off between egg size and number, previously described for the Esva trout, also extends to alevin size. In forested, shaded sites, adult trout grew less and spawned fewer larger eggs that resulted in larger alevins, whereas in fully insolated, production-rich sites, trout grew faster and spawned higher numbers of smaller eggs that produced smaller parr. I hypothesize that the phenotypic plasticity illustrated by the environmentally induced trade-off between egg size and number further extended to alevin size may be evolutionarily advantageous because it relates the size of trout alevins to food availability, as predicted by the growth previously experienced by parents. ^NOTE     

城乡建设用地总规模控制的难点与政策思考——以浙江省缙云县为例

以浙江省缙云县为研究案例,以农居点整理为切入点,从潜力、经济、生态3个方面系统分析了城乡建设用地总规模控制实行的可能性。研究表明,缙云县存在农村居民点整理潜力不足、整理资金约束大、农村居民点整理对生态环境潜在的负面影响较大等问题,增加了城乡建设用地总规模控制目标实现的难度。在此基础上,提出了控制城乡建设用地总规模的政策建议,即应从转变政府规划理念、合理建设工业园区、完善土地征收制度、合理选择整理模式、保障农民切身权益等5个方面配合农村居民点整理综合实施。     

农药精确施用模型及其与林木虚拟生长模型协同研究综述

林木虚拟生长模型是应用计算机模拟树木在三维空间中的生长发育状况,而农药精确施用模型是应用计算机模拟农药按需定量喷施、与目标植物接触以及产生药效等一系列喷施作业情况。如果把两者耦合起来,将直观模拟出林木正常生长、受病虫害侵染、农药发挥效果、长势有所好转等一系列交互效果,可为调整植物保护策略、制定农药喷施方案和研制新型植保机械提供理论支持和技术支撑。文中分析了农林病虫害防治情况和农药精确施用的重要性,在综述国内外喷头雾化性能模型、沉降沉积模型（飘移模型）、施药量调节模型、雾化特性预测模型等农药施用模型研究现状的基础上,通过分析探讨两模型协同机理和林木虚拟生长模型及耦合模型实时性协同环境,提出了基于农药施用过程与防治药效的模型协同研究、基于林木形态结构模型的仿形对靶喷雾模型研究以及农药精确施用多模型交互协同研究的建议。     

Marine-Derived Quorum-Sensing Inhibitory Activities Enhance the Antibacterial Efficacy of Tobramycin against Pseudomonas aeruginosa

Bacterial epiphytes isolated from marine eukaryotes were screened for the production of quorum sensing inhibitory compounds (QSIs). Marine isolate KS8, identified as a Pseudoalteromonas sp., was found to display strong quorum sensing inhibitory (QSI) activity against acyl homoserine lactone (AHL)-based reporter strains Chromobacterium violaceum ATCC 12472 and CV026. KS8 supernatant significantly reduced biofilm biomass during biofilm formation (−63%) and in pre-established, mature P. aeruginosa PAO1 biofilms (−33%). KS8 supernatant also caused a 0.97-log reduction (−89%) and a 2-log reduction (−99%) in PAO1 biofilm viable counts in the biofilm formation assay and the biofilm eradication assay respectively. The crude organic extract of KS8 had a minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of 2 mg/mL against PAO1 but no minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC) was observed over the concentration range tested (MBC > 16 mg/mL). Sub-MIC concentrations (1 mg/mL) of KS8 crude organic extract significantly reduced the quorum sensing (QS)-dependent production of both pyoverdin and pyocyanin in P. aeruginosa PAO1 without affecting growth. A combinatorial approach using tobramycin and the crude organic extract at 1 mg/mL against planktonic P. aeruginosa PAO1 was found to increase the efficacy of tobramycin ten-fold, decreasing the MIC from 0.75 to 0.075 µg/mL. These data support the validity of approaches combining conventional antibiotic therapy with non-antibiotic compounds to improve the efficacy of current treatments.     

国内外森林资源规划与模拟研究综述

森林资源规划的目的是设计在一段时间内和在一定空间中的积极干预,通过权衡具有不同社会功能的森林价值,使得在某一特定区域的特定功能价值最大化。文中在查阅国内外森林资源规划研究的基础上,系统分析了国内外森林资源规划系统及模拟核心内容。森林资源规划系统越来越受到国内外专业森林经营管理机构的青睐,专业化森林规划软件在推动森林生态服务价值模型建立、林分空间优化、复杂约束条件和目标分析中起到了积极的作用。在全球气候变化大背景下,未来农田与森林将被作为一个有机整体,开发多尺度、多数据复合的森林规划平台。     

电子商务环境下饲料产业供应链协同研究

近十年来,电子商务作为一股新兴的经济力量,在我国经济和社会中发挥了巨大的影响。饲料产业的供应链受电子商务的影响,协同效应大为增加。本文试图分别分析电子商务在宏观、中观、微观三个层次对饲料产业供应链协同的促进作用。同时,根据当前各行业的经验以及理论分析,提出五种通过电子商务可以达成的饲料行业供应链协同的模型,包括以需求为导向的驱动协同,以供需商为导向的组织协同,以营商环境为导向的政策协同,以资金效率为导向的供应链金融协同和以风险共担为导向的供应链利益分配协同。